Sulfate Availability and Hormonal Signaling in the Coordination of Plant Growth and Development

Abstract

first_page settings Order Article Reprints Open AccessReview Sulfate Availability and Hormonal Signaling in the Coordination of Plant Growth and Development by Anna Wawrzyńska * [ORCID] and Agnieszka Sirko [ORCID] Laboratory of Plant Protein Homeostasis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3978; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073978 (registering DOI) Submission received: 28 February 2024 / Revised: 28 March 2024 / Accepted: 1 April 2024 / Published: 3 April 2024 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytohormones during Plant Growth, Development and Environmental Stress Adaptation) Download keyboard_arrow_down Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract Sulfur (S), one of the crucial macronutrients, plays a pivotal role in fundamental plant processes and the regulation of diverse metabolic pathways. Additionally, it has a major function in plant protection against adverse conditions by enhancing tolerance, often interacting with other molecules to counteract stresses. Despite its significance, a thorough comprehension of how plants regulate S nutrition and particularly the involvement of phytohormones in this process remains elusive. Phytohormone signaling pathways crosstalk to modulate growth and developmental programs in a multifactorial manner. Additionally, S availability regulates the growth and development of plants through molecular mechanisms intertwined with phytohormone signaling pathways. Conversely, many phytohormones influence or alter S metabolism within interconnected pathways. S metabolism is closely associated with phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin (AUX), brassinosteroids (BR), cytokinins (CK), ethylene (ET), gibberellic acid (GA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and strigolactones (SL). This review provides a summary of the research concerning the impact of phytohormones on S metabolism and, conversely, how S availability affects hormonal signaling. Although numerous molecular details are yet to be fully understood, several core signaling components have been identified at the crossroads of S and major phytohormonal pathways.