Recent Advances in Molecular Toxicology of Cadmium and Nickel

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) are two toxic elements which are widespread in the human environment, but less recognized as hazardous by the general public. Herein, we describe molecular mechanisms of their toxicity towards humans, in the context of general chemical and toxicological properties of these metals. Following the introductory remarks, the routes of exposure are outlined. The next chapter covers the health hazards posed by cadmium and nickel with the main stress placed on diseases like cadmium induced nephropathy, reproductive disorders due to cadmium exposure, cadmium related COPD and cadmium carcinogenesis. In respect to nickel, acute toxicity, nickel allergy and nickel carcinogenicity were described. This overall description provides the basis for a detailed account of molecular mechanisms of cadmium and nickel toxicity. They include the involvement of metallothioneins and their role in the transport of Cd(II) ions, and the role of oxidative damage and DNA repair inhibition in cadmium carcinogenesis. The final issue covered in respect to molecular mechanisms of cadmium toxicity is its influence on cellular junctions. Molecular mechanisms of nickel toxicity are divided into subjects of nickel allergy and several mechanisms related to its carcinogenicity. The discussion is completed by the presentation of nickel and cadmium interactions with zinc fingers as a possible common ground of their molecular toxicity.